[smtddr]

If an attacker can get the process that's running the webapp.py to exec some abitrary bash command, that process has the ability to read its own /proc/$PID/environ . In general, you can read /proc/$PID/environ on processes that you own. At least I can do that on my Debian system:

    pikachu@POKEMONGYM ~ $ sleep 99 &
    [1] 21340
    pikachu@POKEMONGYM ~ $ cat /proc/21340/environ

XDG_SESSION_ID=5COMP_WORDBREAKS= "'><;|&(:TERM=screenSHELL=/bin/bashXDG_SESSION_COOKIE=8571b679eed8952dd96ad28a54...<etc>

(I actually gave the wrong example in my previous comment. While it is true that giving the ENV on cmdline will show up in ps eaux, the more appropriate example is what I just explained in this comment.)

[tokenizerrr]

If you can get it to exec some arbitrary bash command (or otherwise access the environ of a process) you can also have it cat any file on the server, and even the memory of the running processes that belong to the same user as the exploited process, and also execute network requests. So if you get that far, pretty much nothing will protect you.

[smtddr]

Sure, but there are some shops that do their security from a point-of-view of "Attacker can run commands on your server as the user that started whatever-public-service/webapp/api", and go from there. I happen to think that's the best way to think about it.

Now, if an attacker manages to get root access then it's game over[1]. That just shouldn't happen. But nobody should be running their webserver as root. So, whatever that user is should be low-powered with only enough privileges to start the webserver & bind port 8080 (and use iptables or whatever to reroute connections to port 80 --> 8080) and the whole setup should be designed that this account won't be able to escalate things further if someone got a bash shell to it.

______

1. You should at least have some way of detecting that it happened and consider all data & files compromised and just wipe the whole machine & start over. Or take that machine offline for investigation into what happened and put a fresh new one in its place.

[yrro]

If an attacker can run an arbitrary command on your server, it's already time to rotate all the credentials in your system and let any data subjects whose data you hold know that you fucked up, big time. That's just the Linux model.