A thicker battery would need a new back built with a hump or standoffs across the whole back to increase the overall thickness to match the new larger battery thickness...
A modern cell phone is very different from the old flip phones and SLRs/large dedicated camera. Resealing modern phones after upgrades/repairs is one of the harder parts of the whole process with fiddly little sealing glue gaskets to maintain IP ratings.
I've had a HTC HD2 that had exactly that[1] - an extended battery with a bump. It looked silly, but did its job and in daily usage wasn't that big of a deal, actually provided a resting spot for my index finger.
This is already a thing for some [dedicated] cameras like the Canon EOS series.