[Robotbeat]

Now I'd like to be able to legally run MacOS on a virtual machine or on AWS or Azure or Google Cloud or something. I know you can rent a bare metal Apple Mini or something, but Apple's terms of service make this all basically illegal to use like any other VM.

That means if I want to develop an app for iOS (beyond just what you can do in Swift Playgrounds), I can't just boot up a VM or AWS instance, I have to either buy an actual Mac Mini (cheapest option) or rent one.

[cloudking]

Try cancelling a subscription from the app store in your browser.. oh wait you can't do it on the web you have to install iTunes.

[musicale]

> Now I'd like to be able to legally run MacOS on a virtual machine or on AWS or Azure or Google Cloud or something

Azure Pipelines supports macOS 11 and 12.

GitHub Actions supports macOS 11, 12, and 13 beta.

[Sytten]

They cost a shit ton though because they have to run on mac mini AFAIK. It would most likely be way cheaper if there were to run on commodity hardware.

[sixothree]

Pretty sure you also pay for them when they are shut down too.

[UberMouse]

Yes for renting an instance from AWS. Minimum lease time is 24H iirc. But that's not the case for Github Actions (and so I assume Azure Pipelines). You pay per minute, it's just 10x the cost of an Ubuntu instance.

[jim180]

I have never paid for Azure Pipelines, but they do offer just Intel :(

[qmarchi]

Not illegal, but a breach of contract.

[simondotau]

In what way is it a breach of contract? It is using someone else's intellectual property without a license. Morally it is no different to using a cracked version of Photoshop, or playing a cracked version of Grand Theft Auto. Quite simply it's breach of copyright.

To be clear, I'm not here to be a scold or a narc. Copyright is overly abused by large corporations. My ability to shed a tear for breaching the copyright of billion dollar corporations is limited. If you want to run macOS inside KVM on your own personal rig, all power to you. I'll cheer you on from the sidelines.

But if you're using this software as part of regular business operations, I'm not going to sit here and pretend that it's morally justifiable. And it's ridiculous to pretend that anyone should have the legal right to Apple's intellectual property without a license — save, apparently, for security researchers.

[dragonwriter]

Breach of contract is illegal, even though its not (in and of itself) criminal.

[crazygringo]

I can't find anything online to support that.

Everything I find says that to be illegal, something must be against the law, and that a contract is not law, so the word "illegal" doesn't apply to breach of contract because it's private.

There is a difference between illegality and criminality however -- e.g. breaking the speed limit is illegal but it doesn't reach criminal, as one source uses as an example.

[darreninthenet]

That depends on the country... speeding in the UK, for example, absolutely is a criminal offence.

In fact, in the UK, apart from a tiny number of civil matters used in criminal law, breaking the law (ie doing something illegal) is always a criminal offence.

[judge2020]

dragonwriter and others here are both right. In terms of language, the terms are the same, in that you are a criminal if you violate the law. However, in many countries and regions "criminal" can be a way to discern that certain crimes come with specific punishments, like jail time or personal fines.

For example, in the US there's criminal and civil cases. You can't be incarcerated for losing a civil suit, unless you don't pay whatever judgement the court discerns (which is considered criminal contempt of court).

In the US the difference also comes into play in terms of who can bring certain charges against you. If you were to sue someone, you can't sue them for assault and battery or homicide, because these are considered criminal charges and only the District Attorney / the government can bring these charges against someone. In this case, there are typically parallel civil remedies you can sue for, such as "wrongful death" and "emotional distress" which is strictly to recuperate financial loss.

[dragonwriter]

> Everything I find says that to be illegal, something must be against the law.

A breach of contract is against, and has remedies provided under, the law of contracts..

> A contract is not law

No, but the law of contracts is law.

[techdragon]

Those remedies are against the parties breaching the contract. It’s a small hair to split, but relevant given the point being made.

contract law is the body of precedent and collective set of laws related to the legality, construction, execution and all around use of contracts, and while I’m sure there are some specific extra laws that make breach of certain types of contracts a misdemeanour or felony. Generally speaking in most jurisdictions around the world in fact, breach of contract is a civil law matter between the parties of the contract, and settlement of the civil law side of the “is this actually a breach of contract” is usually necessary first before any potential criminal liability can be applied.

An example: An contract can be invalidated for lack of sufficient consideration offered (peppercorn isn’t always enough to make it valid)… this makes the contract void, not illegal. This is a simple example but it illustrates the basic point well, and I’m not trying to write a legal theory essay while on the way to work.

[dragonwriter]

> Those remedies are against the parties breaching the contract.

Yes, remedies in the law are invariably against the party breaking the law, not the people complying with the law. What would be the point of sanctions for not breaking the law?

> while I’m sure there are some specific extra laws that make breach of certain types of contracts a misdemeanour or felony. Generally speaking in most jurisdictions around the world in fact, breach of contract is a civil law matter between the parties of the contract

So, what I just said that breach of contract is a violation of the law for which there are sanctions available, but not in and of itself criminal. That was a…very argumentative agreement.

[chongli]

Those remedies are against the parties breaching the contract.

There are also remedies against those who interfere with a contract they are not party to. This is called tortious interference [1].

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortious_interference

[usernew]

"contracts" is civil law. to be illegal it would have to be criminal law. defamation is legal. it's a tort, you can get sued for it and lose. in civil court.

there is contract law, but breaking contract law is not illegal. a tort for example, is a tort, not a crime.

[hgsgm]

Criminal law isn't the only law, so not the only source of illegality.

[crazygringo]

But this isn't a question of logic, it's a question of definition.

And all the discussion I can find online say breaking a contract doesn't fall under the definition of "illegal".

Do you have an authoritative source that defines it otherwise?

[fsckboy]

> all the discussion I can find online say breaking a contract doesn't fall under the definition of "illegal"

I don't think this is the standard. I think the standard is, can you find definitions of illegal under which breaking a contract or a tort don't fall? And in the dictionaries I've looked in, there are many usage senses of the word illegal that do cover things that are not criminal.

Contract law and the law of torts are laws under which the state will enforce judgements. Even though the judgements are civil matters, they are enforced by the legal system. Till I see a definition of legal/illegal that clearly covers only criminal acts, I'm going with breaking contracts to be within the penumbra of that which is illegal.

just a few more points to round out my thinking

I think what we're seeing is that there is a clear distinction between criminal and civil law. And lawyers, wanting to be clear and unambiguous, shy away from blurring that distinction by applying the term illegal to civil matters; but lawyers being hyper-specific and unambiguous doesn't necessarily govern the definitions of words.

And I once took an introductory/survey course in the law (taught by an attorney/law professor), and the first day of the course we talked about the history of the law, and what were the sources of our laws, for example religious law (thou shalt not kill), feudal law, common law, (for the US) federal law, state law, town ordinances, and then contracts were mentioned as binding just like law.

[nobody9999]

>And all the discussion I can find online say breaking a contract doesn't fall under the definition of "illegal".

IIUC, breaking a contract is a civil tort[0]:

   A tort is an act or omission that gives rise to injury or harm to another and 
   amounts to a civil wrong for which courts impose liability. In the context of
   torts, "injury" describes the invasion of any legal right, whereas "harm" 
   describes a loss or detriment in fact that an individual suffers.1 

And torts (again, IIUC) are not the breaking of a legal code, and as such cannot be illegal, as they break no laws.

Something illegal is dealt with in a criminal court (yes, there are administrative courts in various places that handle minor infractions, but those are governed under the relevant legal code and are adjudicated as such.

Civil torts are not contained within any legal code, and as such cannot be illegal. That said, there are some harms that may also rise to the level of criminality (e.g., fraud), which may also have a civil tort associated with them.

But breach of contract by itself is just breaking the rules[1] agreed upon by the parties to a contract.

[0] https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tort

[1] https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/rules-and-laws/6286...

[KevinBasto]

Actually no, because contracts are enforceable as long as they don't go against the law, there's a limitation for a contract and contracts cannot be penally prosecuted

[jerry80]

Actually, speeding is criminal in many states.

[Osiris]

Are traffic infractions criminal? Violating some traffic laws can be a misdemeanor or felony while most are infractions. I don’t know if infraction is considered “criminal”.

[dragonwriter]

> Are traffic infractions criminal?

This is often actually an area where toubwill find conflicting info; public info provided by the California state courts says yes, they are, in California [0], while you will find other sources, including law offices, saying they aren’t. [1]

The issue is largely that they are structured as crimes in state law, but the manner of punishment available does not make them “crimes” within the purview of federal Constitutional protections, or federal statutory consequences for conviction of state crimes (e.g., in the immigration system.)

[0] https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/CIP_AboutCriminalCases.p...

[1] https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/defense/infractions/

[wildzzz]

If all you get from the cop is a summons, it's not a crime but more akin to a civil infraction.

[zamnos]

Almost all states have drinking and driving (DUI/DWI) as misdemeanors and it's a misdemeanor federally.

[dexterdog]

Name two

[jerry80]

Since you're too busy to do basic research to answer your own curiosity, of course I'll let you know that speeding is a misdemeanor in Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wyoming. I'm sure I'm missing a few.

[freetanga]

I think it’s not always the case, if the contract is abusive or illegal.

We had a situation where we chose to breach since IBM contract was abusive and not really enforceable. They never complained, despite threats.