[SemanticStrengh]

There are many. For apoptosis induced by mitochondria deficits you look at the level of cytochrome C. But there are others. For oxidative stress, a good indication is the ratio of reduced glutathione (how much of your antioxidants are being used)

for bioenergetics I don't remember the relevant ones although the manifestation is not only molecular, it can be observed (mitochondria respiration rate, uncoupling, etc) maybe this paper can show the relevant ones? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4715336/

[lm28469]

Are you comparing fasting to breathing aluminium particles ?

[SemanticStrengh]

well I was not, only that between those two stressors, the same major biomarkers are involved. There often is a surprising level of similarities between seemingly distinct things and here I would bet there are possible comparisons however that is not the point of my parent comment, just an answer to which biomarkers are involved. A more direct comparison would be with the acutes and long terms damages of hypoxia, because oxygen is a similar cofactor bottlenecking energy production, as is the absence of glucose/pyruvate from a fasting human which singlehandely rely of lipid/beta-oxidation. e.g. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21542052/ But it's not because those are the same mechanism (a bottleneck on a critical cofactor for ATP) that the effects have the same potency because of course fasting is less dangerous in strength than hypoxia.