Great umanwizard, it's a good thing you're here to tell us that Cambridge university is wrong! After all, what do they know about finance and economics?
This is clearly false: there are plenty of value companies with high volatility of profits and low volatility of dividends. Certainly I have seen loss making companies still pay dividends.
No, the definition is a payment from a company to stockholders that's labeled "dividend". I know of companies that were losing money that still paid dividends.
I am out of my depth here but isn't that because of a shortfall verses expected profits, or restrictions on moving money around the world (apple) verses borrowing huge amounts of money at low interest rates to give investors a tax advantage and giving management large bonuses?