[TheSpiceIsLife]

I used to work with a few (16 odd) Siemens 200kVA UPS that did the syncing.

There’s no technical reason the requisite electronics can’t be built on a much smaller scale.

Home grid-tie solar inverters are clearly capable of syncing, so the electronics are already present.

[zaarn]

grid-tie inverters are capable of syncing to a present signal, what they can't do is provide their own waveform and sync that to the grid when it comes back online.

[Dylan16807]

Providing a 60Hz waveform and syncing it to the grid the easy part. You could make a standalone device that does it out of a twenty cent microcontroller.

[zaarn]

And then you'd still have to switch over and you'd need a sync check relay for safety (if you don't and the microcontroller is off because you forgot a comma somewhere, your inverter explodes).

Additionally producing the clean sinewave that you'd need for this is not that easy, atleast not at the quality levels you want for this (if your DAC that produces the wave is off by 1% then at a 2kW load you're going to burn up 20W somewhere that doesn't like 20W being burned up)

[Dylan16807]

Redundancy and fail-safes are important but can also be inexpensive. Most of the expense comes from being a niche product right now.

How is being off by 1% going to hurt anything? I'm quite sure my mains voltage is already more than 1% off.

If I get solar it had better not explode every time my air conditioner kicks on.

[zaarn]

Your mains voltage cannot be 1% off it's own phase since it's the primary phase here and in terms of voltage a 1% difference doesn't matter.

However, if you have your own generator it matters a lot.

If your phase is off by 1 degree then that 1 degree will burn roughly .2% of the incoming power of the grid at the inverter (which is unlikely designed to handle this). If you're off by 1% you burn 20 Watts on a device not designed for it.

If your voltage is off relative to the grid by 1% then you burn the difference, at 2kW that's about 20 Watts. And that's per volt. You'd be burning somewhere around 300 W if you happen to have the grid on the higher end of the tolerance and yours on the lower.

A grid-tie inverter gets around this by simply following along the sine wave of the grid, this can be done relatively cheaply and safely with analog components so the error can be much smaller than 1% and deep into random noise territory.

If you generate your own sine wave and compare it to an existing one it's much more difficult since you have to match amplitude and phase almost perfectly.

So with grid-tie nothing will explode. With an autotransfer nothing explodes either. Wanting to seamlessly couple back in requires a lot of care and expensive components.

[Dylan16807]

Oh, you're talking about when it syncs back up. I don't really see the problem.

Next to your offline-capable sine wave generator, put a copy of that cheap safe analog circuit.

Once you get almost in sync, crossfade over to the analog circuit. (If that's even necessary. It might be just fine to swap to it at a zero-crossing.)

Now you're completely in sync. Reconnect to the mains.

[TheSpiceIsLife]

I'm no electronics engineer, but don't regular home UPS units already do all of this? I'm talking about the type of units sold by computer and office supply shops to provide backup power for home / SOHO IT devices.

[zaarn]

Generally there are three types of UPS on the market.

The cheapest is VFD which is basically a battery parellel to the mains which in case of a power failure interrupts mains and inserts it's own voltage. Usually labelled as "offline" or "standby" UPS since they're not active most of the time. The output frequency and voltage is the mains output and voltage until switched over, something to keep in mind if devices are sensitive to that.

These can simply switch back to mains when it's back since they usually use a simple transfer relay.

VI (Line interactive, Delta Conversion) uses the mains frequency as orientation. They don't have a transfer and can basically just compensate whatever the mains is doing to output a 230V signal. Internally they have a inverter with AC input and AC ouput which means they measure if mains is coming back from there and adapt the signal on the internal inverter for the battery.

If mains comes back on a VI they usually change frequency very abruptly which is not ideal from some devices.

VDI is completely independent of both voltage and frequency as it first converts mains AC to internal DC, simply plugs in the battery into the DC and then converts DC to AC. They don't need to synchronize at all and are the more common for datacenters since they isolate the input fairly well from output and don't have to switch anything to go from mains to backup, DC voltage is fairly good for dealing with this. They are also most expensive.

If mains comes back on a VDI they don#t do anything of notable interest other than switching the battery charger on.

[TheSpiceIsLife]

Thank you for the detailed explanation, much appreciated.