[Chronos]

As I understand it (not being a physicist): the graviton, if it exists at all, would have to be a massless chargeless spin-2 boson for it to fit our understanding of what particles are. But the graviton has never been observed, nor has any quantized behavior of gravity or its General Relativistic effects, so it doesn't count as an observation by String Theory; there are other models that also give rise to gravity-as-we've-observed-it, up to and including just gluing the Standard Model to General Relativity and calling it a day.

[evanb]

While it's true that the graviton has never been observed, the point is that string theory was not, originally, a "theory of everything" candidate! It was originally a way of trying to understand QCD and strong dynamics. In 1974 people discovered that the massless chargeless spin-2 boson "popped out" of the theory accidentally! Since people knew that such a particle behaves like a graviton, and is manifestly quantum-mechanical, suddenly it occurred to them that string theory might be a theory of quantum gravity. In fact, General Relativity can be viewed simply as the low-energy effective theory of massless chargeless spin-2 bosons, as emphasized in Feynman's Lectures of Gravitation, where he derives GR from a particle-physicist point of view, rather than a differential-geometry point of view.

This led to the tongue-in-cheek saying that string theory post-dicted the existence of gravity at all---since it isn't built into the foundational assumptions of the theory at all (which is more than a lot of the other models, such as the "gluing" you propose, can say). And since string theory is guaranteed to be quantum-mechanical, a lot of interest developed towards understanding it as a theory of quantum gravity (most other models fail to account for how GR can be made compatible with quantization and how the renormalization works sensibly).

[daxfohl]

So given Higgs bosons exist, doesn't that account for mass? Why are gravitons needed as well?

[evanb]

I can make a classical analogy.

The Higgs explains why fundamental particles have mass in the "F=ma" Newton's-Laws-Of-Motion sense. But you can formulate classical mechanics without gravity at all. The m in this equation is sometimes referred to as the inertial mass.

F_gravity = G M m / r^2 on its face looks like it is talking about the same inertial mass (or, by adjusting G, something proportional to the inertial mass). But, this is an assumption---a body could equally well have a gravitational mass independent of its inertial mass.

If inertial and gravitational masses are proportional to one another then when you calculate the acceleration due to gravity you can cancel the m from both sides, and you find that all bodies fall the same way (even light, which has m=0 and might cause concern that the cancellation isn't valid). This is a repercussion of inertial = gravitational mass. Einstein promoted this observation to the Equivalence Principle (and people do experimental searches for violations of this assumption).

The Higgs gives particles inertial mass. But the Higgs doesn't cause things to fall "down" (assuming you can define "down" without a gravitational field). You need the gravitons to communicate the gravitational attraction, which is independent of the existence of mass.

[daxfohl]

Oh, duh, because while "physics" (general relativity) shows that mass is gravity, the whole point of this exploration is see if we can derive that equivalence (or something extremely close to it) from core QM principles rather than assuming it a-priori. Because the a-priori assumption (general relativity) contradicts QM. So some deeper principle needs to unfold to present both Higgs bosons (inertial mass) and gravitons (gravitational mass) and their relationship, from which something very very very close to general relativity can be derived. Is that right?

If so, has any actual string-theoretical mathematical relationship between gravitons and Higgs bosons been developed that would explain general relativity? Or is it stuck at "in string theory, something like 'gravitons' could exist"?

[wayn3]

the "problem" here is that the graviton "has to" exist. why?

Forces have to be conveyed by something. If you want to push someone, you have to physically touch them. you have to REACH them. you cant just push the air, across the room, and expect them to feel the push.

this is true on the microscopic level as well. when particles exert gravity on each other, they do so at a distance. but something has to cross this distance. it is not ordinarily obvious how the sun traps our planet in its gravitational field - at a distance. there has to be something that exchanges the gravitational force between sun and earth. we call this thing the graviton. it is important to notice that something that does the "job" of the graviton HAS TO exist. maybe its not a particle. but something causes the exchange of gravitation and thats what we're looking for.

you know that "in space, no one can hear you scream". thats because there is no air that could make the sound waves travel.

in a similar way, without the graviton, there would be no "medium" that conveys the gravitational force.

the problem with detecting the graviton is that it is very weak. we would have to build really expensive machines to "observe" it.

explaining this theoretically is not difficult. we have plenty of "theories". the problem is confirming them with experiments.

[justin_vanw]

I'm not an expert, but I simply don't understand your reasoning here.

For example, lets suppose some mass is moving at a constant inertial velocity through empty space. To me it seems that your reasoning would require gravitons to communicate to the mass that there are not other masses nearby and so to 'tell it' that 'straight line' for it means to go in a euclidian straight line. Otherwise, how does it know?

I think baked into your logic is that there is something special about geodesics in the presence of masses and so you need to tell the moving mass to 'curve', but to the mass it is just going straight, even if to an external observer it appears that it is curving or even orbiting.

[wruza]

Sorry for interrupting your discussion with maybe dumb question, but isn't gravitation defined by spacetime geometry rather than some sort of particle exchange? Do not particles always fly forward, with forward changing its meaning with time?

[AstralStorm]

Nothing in physics "has" to be something or other.

It is well known that QM is incomplete, so forcing forces to be quantum might not be the right way forward at all.

Strings are not quanta to begin with. They behave somewhat similarly at lower energies at most.

Forces are essentially a model too, and are compatible with both wave, quantum and string physics. Each substantially different.

[techdragon]

Gravity != Mass

Gravity isn't the same as mass. It's related, but not equivalent.

[daxfohl]

So are gravitons related to higgs bosons in the same way? Or are gravitons, assuming higgs boson === inertial mass, more like the difference between (higgs bosons aka inertial mass) and gravitational mass (thus unrelated to / independent of higgs bosons)?

[wayn3]

gravity and inertia are 2 different properties of mass.

inertia is conveyed by the higgs field.

gravity is conveyed by the gravitational field.

we know that those fields exist, because we can observe them.

if the fields exist, the exchange particles (higgs boson and graviton) have to exist, too - or our theory is wrong.

thats kind of circular reasoning, but we cant derive physics from first principles anyway.

[AstralStorm]

Can you explain then why no gravitons have been found yet? Otherwise it is a baseless untestable assumption that the particle even exists.

We probably could derive physics from first principles if we knew them.

[cygx]

Higgs boson == inertial mass is very misleading.

Mass is essentially rest energy by another name. The presence of a non-zero Higgs field gives certain elementary particles that would otherwise be massless such a non-zero rest energy.

In contrast, compound 'particles' (hadrons, atoms, chairs and tables, ...) only gain a miniscule amount of mass from the Higgs mechanism: They are bound states of interacting constituents that are whizzing around, generating ripples in various quantum fields (sometimes described as clouds of virtual particles), with the biggest contribution by ripples in the field of the strong nuclear force.

Now, in quantum theory, any field comes with associated particles, and for the Higgs field these are the Higgs bosons, and for the gravitational field these are the (conjectured) gravitons.

While gravitons would be intimately related to how gravity works at the quantum level, the relation of Higgs bosons to inertia is rather incidental.

[guygurari]

As far as I know, string theory is the only complete theory that incorporates these two observations:

1. Nature includes the force of gravity, described at low energies by Einstein's theory with a gravitational field.

2. Matter in Nature is quantum mechanical.

We believe that spin 2 particles will exist in any such theory (as they do in string theory), but even without this assumption it is still difficult to come up with such a theory.

The example you give of gluing the Standard Model to General Relativity does not achieve this goal and does not correctly describe nature. This is because the quantum matter of the Standard Model does not correctly back-react on the classical gravitational field.

When we couple the classical theory of General Relativity to classical matter, the gravitational field pushes matter around, and the matter in turn back-reacts on the gravitational field and changes it. When coupling quantum matter to classical General Relativity, the classical gravitational field can act on matter just fine, but it does not work in the other direction. The problem is that when matter is in a quantum superposition, it is not clear how to update the classical gravitational field (which cannot itself be in superposition). This missing part of the interaction means that SM+GR is not a complete theory.

[evanb]

Hey Guy! We should finish the horizon paper :D

-- Evan

[kobeya]

> But the graviton has never been observed, nor has any quantized behavior of gravity or its General Relativistic effects

The MOND folks would disagree here. They'd say that the phenomenon we call "dark matter" and "dark energy" are the result of quantized gravity.

[zodiac]

I don't know much about this, but I've read that the standard model and GR are mutually inconsistent? How do you "glue them together"?

[freeflight]

>standard model and GR are mutually inconsistent?

I'm not an expert, but from what I understand GR and standard model don't exactly contradict each other, they are both considered "valid" and self-consistent on their own as they merely describe different processes on different scales?

On their own, they work just fine but if we try to stick the two of them together, to get a "unifying theory", we get different outcomes than we expected, that's why we are now trying to find the "glue" that fits the two of them together while still making sense in the end.

At least that's my layman's take on this whole situation.

[PhantomGremlin]

I also don't know much about this. But I don't think there's anything serious yet that glues them together.

Years ago someone on slashdot made an attempt. It's silly humor.

   Your moma so fat even if I'd entangle
   with her no information would be able
   to leave her event horizon.

      Nobody has managed to put gravitation
      and QM together yet, and you want to
      do it in a your-momma-so-fat-joke? Wow.

https://science.slashdot.org/story/09/02/19/2338245/human-ey...

Sigh. I couldn't resist. It's one of my favorites. Let the downvotes begin.

[skookumchuck]

> would have to be a massless chargeless spin-2 boson

Sure it's not a pointless mass?