Likewise, I just came back from HK and I have no idea how they could get anything done there before the introduction of AC. And I was told it gets even worse in the middle of summer!
In India, we employed a variety of methods that, all combined, did a good enough job of keeping things cool.
The first was a stepwell, called Baoli in Hindi. This was basically a giant swimming pool dug out and filled with water. Around the stepwell, terrace-like steps were created where the general public could hang out and stay cool. For example[1].
Another method was to have dual walls with some lattice patterns on the first wall. The first wall absorbed all of the heat and would get warm in the evening, but the second wall, recessed from the first wall by a certain distance, would be spared the hot sunshine, and would stay cooler. These second walls made up the walls of your room.
Moving to basements was also a popular solution, since beneath the earth stayed cooler. The British especially loved this solution.
Older homes in India have high ceilings with ventilation at the top to allow for natural convection. The hot air would escape from the top and be replaced with cool air. In places like New Orleans, the Creole architecture also involves inlet vents in the basement-region, where cooler air would be sucked in.
Finally, after the arrival of electricity, we had evaporative coolers, where pads made out of hay would have water dripped onto them. The evaporation of the water would cool things down inside the cooler via latent heat, and this cooler air would be blown into a room with the exhaust fan. This is a fantastic solution for dry heat places because it doesn't get rid of humidity (making the skin feel terrible), and has the power consumption only of a puny exhaust fan (unlike a full blown positive displacement compressor).
I went to HK in the middle of hottest times (Aug 1st) last year and it was absolutely brutal. But then again, the entire city really grew out of nowhere during the past century, so it kind of grew in tandem with air conditioning.
HK is one of those places that's absolutely amazing as a city, and has some of the worst weather on earth (crazy humidity all the time, insane heat in summer, crazy rains and typhoons all the time… and a cloud of pollution emanating down from Shenzhen).
Spare a thought for the Philippines - the wikipedia typhoon path picture almost completely covers the entire country (HK is hidden in there too, though)
The first was a stepwell, called Baoli in Hindi. This was basically a giant swimming pool dug out and filled with water. Around the stepwell, terrace-like steps were created where the general public could hang out and stay cool. For example[1].
Another method was to have dual walls with some lattice patterns on the first wall. The first wall absorbed all of the heat and would get warm in the evening, but the second wall, recessed from the first wall by a certain distance, would be spared the hot sunshine, and would stay cooler. These second walls made up the walls of your room.
Moving to basements was also a popular solution, since beneath the earth stayed cooler. The British especially loved this solution.
Older homes in India have high ceilings with ventilation at the top to allow for natural convection. The hot air would escape from the top and be replaced with cool air. In places like New Orleans, the Creole architecture also involves inlet vents in the basement-region, where cooler air would be sucked in.
Finally, after the arrival of electricity, we had evaporative coolers, where pads made out of hay would have water dripped onto them. The evaporation of the water would cool things down inside the cooler via latent heat, and this cooler air would be blown into a room with the exhaust fan. This is a fantastic solution for dry heat places because it doesn't get rid of humidity (making the skin feel terrible), and has the power consumption only of a puny exhaust fan (unlike a full blown positive displacement compressor).
[1]: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/ChandBao...