[yummyfajitas]

To prevent (3), you simply don't hire untrained employees. You let the employees handle their own training and merely pay them their true (improved) value. I.e., the owner of the human capital is also the one to invest in it.

Also, the only employee who isn't looking at their outside options is a foolish one. Companies go out of business, they let their wages get out of sync with the market, employees become redundant, etc. I'm hoping to stay where I'm at for quite a while, but such things are hardly guaranteed.

[anbotero]

By all means. I’m all for options. I hate it when they leave their jobs simply because they have been X amount of time there. Sometimes it isn’t because there are no challenges, or the salary is bad; no, it’s simply because now it’s trending to just leave your comfort zone every 2, 3 years tops.

Every employee, every entrepreneur should always be on the lookout of better options, either improvements to their current states, or through an external source (another project).

The risk will always be there for your return of investment to just come back with... less than what you hoped for. No matter what, and much more with people being motivated by “trending”.