[pilif]

if you rely on triggers for data integrity, then I guess this is one more case where MySQL is letting you down and allowing your data to get corrupted unless you're really careful.

While it's not always good design to use triggers for this, sometimes, it's a valid reason to use them for integrity checking or enforcing. Having `on delete` triggers not run for some delete's is violating the principle of least surprise.

When feature break this way, people start to distrust them and best practices get adopted that discourage using them, killing the features all together.

Using a database that does not have this misfeature, both triggers and foreign keys are perfectly safe to use, but because the one database that is the most widely used has issues like the one described here, you often hear the recommendation to not use triggers or even foreign keys.

Yes, you can potentially move the logic normally contained in either of them into the application, but as you deal with more concurrency and as you start accumulating bugs, sooner or later your data will be messy and you will need to add cleanup-scripts, or, heaven forbid, work around messy data in your application logic (don't. do. that. it's the path to the dark side of unmaintainability).

Or, of course, use a database system whose features work correctly and the principle of least surprise is in effect.

PostgreSQL is one of these, by the way.

[SFjulie1]

Apple uses MVC with sqlite for the contacts. The view is cocoa, but every events int the GUI are calling triggers in sqlite.

It makes apple's application simple stupid and efficient.

And they have triggers on foreign keys... with sqlite.

...

It is not postgres in one of it, it is much more mysql is not a correct rdbms. None of the other databases have this flaw.

Mysql is to RDBMS what mongo is to NoSQL, nowhere short of achieving anything that matters correctly.

EDIT: or better: Mysql is a realistic in the Hollywood way implementation of a RDBMS

[spotman]

mysql is good for very high transaction rate platforms, that mostly rely on simple features. for this, it generally outperforms most of its competition in the traditional RDBMS space, and why companies like twitter and facebook use it. mysql likes simple, well designed queries.

postgres usually outperforms mysql for more complex operations, but is not as fast as mysql for simple ones.

sqlite is really only appropriate for things like mobile or desktop applications or things with generally low concurrency requirements.

i would be careful throwing the baby out with the bath water in your dismissal of mysql, but thats just my opinion:)

can you shed some more detail on that apple uses triggers with sqlite? that is interesting to me, and would like to learn more.

[SFjulie1]

For apple: jailbreak go to home dir apt-get install sqllitex.y apt-get install bash find list all the files / dir find the contacts read the man of sqllite and have it tell gracefully the content of the table Something like this: http://beauty-of-imagination.blogspot.ca/2014/03/backuping-m...

Well it is true mysql is fast ... when it is not a problem.

They sacrificed correctness (stuff about big O notation in worst case) for benchmarks... and it works ... amazingly well as long as you are not under heavy load or give up on integrity, or relationship, or correctness.

Amazing. As long as you store data that need not to be transactional, or relational, or needing integrity mysql is fast. When data matters, or load is heavy mysql is just not there. It is chaotic, inconsistent, unicode retarded... full of pits... and resource greedy.

Sure, if you are a masochist, or if you fear to loose your job and need to elevate pain to the rank of art, then mysql is alright.

I have been sysadmin as long as developer and on both sides of the track mysql is insanely not consistent. (sysadmin: 400 config parameters, replication that fear any butterfly flapping its wings near a network cable, dev: collation behaviour, (clumsy) LDAP integration for auth, inconsistencies...).

I even prefer MSsql to mysql. I have been working almost only in linux environment since 2000, and I still think MySQL is crap. 10 years of horror stories with mysql made me hate it as much as taking LSD before trying to fill your taxes.

[spotman]

There is no SQL triggers in the article you post here. Confused at what your trying to say here. Maybe you can elaborate?

[SFjulie1]

well if you ask politely sqlite to show the tables and paginates, then you have the trigger.

For a short vademecum I was not going to add noise in the post.

[contingencies]

sqlite is really only appropriate for things like mobile or desktop applications or things with generally low concurrency requirements.

I think what you mean here is low concurrent write requirements.

(Edit in response to below: Isn't sqlite file oriented and read-only opens eschew locking? Thus replication via network filesystems should be adequate, no?)

[spotman]

Yes, agreed, if we are talking about straight concurrency only.

Other things like replication, are also not there, so it's not what I would choose for a website database, but if you can serve all your reads from one server, and don't care about high availability, then go for it.

[kailuowang]

> Yes, you can potentially move the logic normally contained in either of them into the application, but as you deal with more concurrency and as you start accumulating bugs, sooner or later your data will be messy and you will need to add cleanup-scripts

I agree with most of what you said, but in many many use cases data integrity can be maintained in application code (a statically typed system helps), it simply can't be true that all those applications running on NoSql database will have messy data and/or cleanup-scripts.

[spotman]

furthermore, foreign keys are not performant at mass scale on both pg or mysql or any traditional RDBMS. if your trying to do several thousand ops per second, the vector of index contention greatly goes up if there is FKs littered all over your schema.

nosql or sql large platforms almost always have some amount of work always ongoing to clean, shuttle, and maintain data integrity.

that doesn't make me not a fan of them; for lower transaction rate applications ( which most probably are ), they are a small time investment to have some sanity checking. but it's a right tool for the job thing.

this is yet another reason why people dislike FKs in best practice stuff.

Edit: Hi down-voters. Curious to hear why I'm being down voted and possibly be offer a rebuttal?

[ak39]

Foreign keys are not convenience artifacts. They are essential for enforcing data correctness. One doesn't simply opt out of their usage simply because one is "not a fan" of foreign keys.

[delinka]

I've experienced several highly-performant, correct databases with concurrent clients from around the globe ... and they had no enforcement of foreign keys.

Yes, foreign keys were essential to data correctness. No, they were not being enforced in production. Stew on that just a bit. Not enforced in production.

During client application development, development databases enforced the constraint. Any errors resulting in foreign key mismatches disqualified the client app for release. The applications were required to be aware of the constraint and to learn to work within it. Production gained the speed benefits of not having to enforce the foreign keys.

You can indeed eat your cake and have it, too, iff you are disciplined.

[ThinkBeat]

This might be the case if you have one and only one application interacting with the database, and your unit tests include each and every permutation/edge case.

It is very common to have many applications, from different vendors and from different time periods interacting with a database.

It often also happens that data can be modified directly in the database, not via the application. I agree this is not best practice but in larger enterprises it happens.

Once you start implementing foreign keys in the client you are adding a lot of complexity to a problem that most mature relational database system do well enough to be trusted by a lot of traditional financial institutions.

[delinka]

These kinds of access are not proper discipline. And a lack of proper discipline is the reason to enforce constraints in production. As for "adding complexity to client apps" - how could you possibly create an app to interact with a database and not know about the structure of the database? This is beyond irresponsible. At the least, should an institution desire to allow third-party access to their database, then that access should be provided through a gateway with the intelligence to enforce constraints without relying on the database server.

[needusername]

> It often also happens that data can be modified directly in the database, not via the application.

Yup, 3rd level support "winging it" in production.

And also migration scripts.

[contingencies]

Great tale! Much respect to the development and operations teams here. Out of interest, what kind of purpose was the database?

[delinka]

It was in a financial institution. It held every transaction in the financial enterprise.

[spotman]

Nicely put. 100% agreed.

[spotman]

What if it is the difference between your schema working under high transaction rates or not? Or, the difference between buying much more database hardware and having smaller shards to avoid index contention. (which, is $$)

Facebooks mysql architecture (at least used to, likely still is) based on this: https://backchannel.org/blog/friendfeed-schemaless-mysql

Note the simple schema, and lack of FKs.

FKs are rarely present in extremely high transactions per second systems that operate on the same few tables. This is due to index contention and locking.

I say this with lots of experience working on different production systems that see hundreds of thousands of transactions per second. I have yet to see one arrive at these kind of numbers using foreign keys, unless it's something like a giant shared hosting platform, that is operating on hundreds and hundreds of different tables. (therefore, less index contention)

Often, in these shops, data correctness is not validated in realtime in this way, but often in a way that is not in the critical path of answering queries. (more like, eventually consistent). Some places have entire teams for this.

To your point on correctness, my experience ranges a lot in areas where correctness can be eventually consistent. For something like healthcare or banking, you would rather spend the money on way more hardware, because you can't afford correctness to be off. However, with things like globally scaled social apps, this is just not the case.

Most people tend to still use Oracle in those situations. Which is legions slower , and legions more expensive than mysql or pgsql.

[ak39]

>To your point on correctness, my experience ranges a > lot in areas where correctness can be eventually consistent.

"Eventually consistent"? Explain. (Do you mean in an ACID transaction?)

[spotman]

Let me explain better. As eventually consistent is probably the wrong term for what I mean.

In things like a large social media app where the reality is no FKs, and 100k queries-per-second, for instance, you would write into your application logic how to deal with child rows and parent rows, and not rely on FKs to raise an exception, or perform cascading deletes and things.

So if ( when ) there is either a bug, hiccup, or a variety of other reasons that can as you mention make things question correctness (or specifically: referential integrity, if we are going to nitpick), these are usually cleaned up out of band.

So you may have a table you have to slowly iterate through later and remove rows in which their parent rows no longer exist anymore, as an example.

In something like the friend feed schema used in the previous example, read up on how that works, as you will see they sort of turn SQL on its head a bit, to make it more flexible and deal with these shortcomings.

[Jweb_Guru]

I am afraid your premise is incorrect. Foreign keys can be enforced (particularly on insert-only or insert-mostly workloads) with very little contention, even in a distributed system: http://www.bailis.org/papers/ramp-sigmod2014.pdf

And lest you think there is some hidden constant factor here that destroys real performance at the cost of "scalability," the techniques from that paper were used to completely destroy the TPC-C benchmark: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.2237.pdf

Admittedly this stuff is not yet implemented in traditional RDBMSes, but there is absolutely no reason why it could not be and I fully expect it to in the future. Certainly, if you are having performance problems now, this knowledge doesn't help. But I'd venture to guess (from personal experience) that most people removing foreign keys are doing it preemptively, rather than evaluating whether it is actually causing performance problems.