* e-beam lithography: expensive machine
* high quality materials (GaAs 2DEG, or reproducible Josephson junctions): you need collaboration with other scientists
* a huge supply of He4: money
* a dilution or He3 fridge with He3 in it: more money
* a lot of low-noise amplifiers and electronics: collaboration and a lot more money
And a lot of time and persistence.
* e-beam lithography: expensive machine
* high quality materials (GaAs 2DEG, or reproducible Josephson junctions): you need collaboration with other scientists
* a huge supply of He4: money
* a dilution or He3 fridge with He3 in it: more money
* a lot of low-noise amplifiers and electronics: collaboration and a lot more money
And a lot of time and persistence.