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by strags 4053 days ago
I found this extraordinarily helpful:

http://www2.physics.umd.edu/~yakovenk/teaching/Lorentz.pdf

The Lorentz transform allows you to calculate exactly how time/distance differ between two reference frames.

The above link derives the transform from first principles - assuming only spatial symmetry and the invariance of the speed of light in different reference frames. There are other derivations, but I found this one the most straightforward.