[kitd]

It depends on how you define the scope of the delivery, which is mentioned in the article. MQTT's exactly-once ensures that the receiver delivers the message to the end application exactly once, even if there had been duplicated messages between the sender and the receiver.

[kasey_junk]

Sure. But that is true of all messaging systems. When people are discussing whether something is at-most-once or at-least-once they are talking about independent of the protocol.

The reason that is important is because it has large ramifications for other parts of the delivery promise (such as order guarantees) or the implementation of the protocol (such as how chatty MQTT is).

It is relatively trivial to implement a system with exactly once delivery if you allow for client filtering and don't have performance or delivery time constraints.