[nitrogen]

If you are looking for a definition of sect, as I was, to figure out what the paper is about, it's a few paragraphs down:

"...first, that each of them exists in a state of tension with the wider society; second, that each imposes tests of merit on would-be members; third, that each exercises stern discipline, regulating the declared beliefs and the life habits of members and prescribing and operating sanctions for those who deviate, including the possibility of expulsion; and fourth, that each demands sustained and total commitment from its members, and the subordination, and perhaps even the exclusion of all other interests."

[tragomaskhalos]

This is sort of a counterpoint to #3, but an important litmus for a cult is that it is very difficult to leave voluntarily.

Certainly in the case of the JWs, an individual exiting the cult has to contend not only with the fear and uncertainty preceding their decision to quit, but with subsequently being completely ostracised by family members who are still members. All of this acts as powerful psychological coercion to remain even when one no longer believes in the cult's message, and makes escapees enormously vulnerable.