[vinceguidry]

I don't think you quite understand just how important the ideological battle over software creation was back in the 80s and how that shaped the world we have today. There was no open source or free software movement and everybody seemed perfectly willing to let the business guys handle those difficult questions.

Without the GNU Public License, every single business making software would have had to re-invent the wheel from scratch. Imagine if every TV maker and router maker had to re-create busybox. It would have been way worse without GNU.

Even though most of the companies that use GNU software rarely contribute back, the world is infinitely better for having it, and it wouldn't have ever existed if it weren't for Stallman's prescience in creating a way for software to remain free legally. That way did not exist before Stallman invented it and would probably still not exist today if he hadn't done the monumental work of inventing and evangelizing it. All open source licenses owe their very existence to the GPL.

Without Stallman, the idea of free software would have likely taken another fifty years to coalesce, if not longer. I'm not overstating his contributions to the world, if anything I'm understating it.

[johan_larson]

"Without the GNU Public License, every single business making software would have had to re-invent the wheel from scratch. Imagine if every TV maker and router maker had to re-create busybox. It would have been way worse without GNU."

I think that's overstating the case.

Without the open source movement, there would still be components available for sale that people could build on. For example, over in relational database land, we would still have Oracle, DB2, and SQL Server -- the big high-end offerings. What we wouldn't have are PostgreSQL and MySQL, the free low-end offerings. MS Access, or something like it, just might be your best bet if your needs were modest but your wallet was light.

It would be a world where the components you use to build your system cost real money, and of course there would be fewer options overall.

[dragonwriter]

> There was no open source or free software movement and everybody seemed perfectly willing to let the business guys handle those difficult questions.

As I recall, fairly serious sharing of significant software as public domain, with people building on others public domain software, predates the Free Software movement, and the public domain software movement was, for some time, growing in parallel to the restrictive-license-based Free Software movement; in addition, non-GPL, non-PD permissively licensed software existed before the FSF and also was spreading, with various license variations, at the same time the Free Software movement is growing.

[belorn]

I would very much like to see whatever sources you have for a "public domain software movement" that predates the Free Software movement. I have looked through books, interviews and online searches back when I tried to improve the wikipedia article on the subject. What I could find was basically RMS statements and bill gates.

As such, in the early days people did not think software was copyrightable, or patentable for that matter. It wasn't really until 1980 when United States Congress added the definition of "computer program" to 17 U.S.C. § 101 and amended 17 U.S.C. § 117 to allow the owner of the program to make another copy or adaptation for use on a computer.

This is the exact same year RMS has his problem with the proprietary laser printer, and 3 years before GNU was started as a result. While it is theoretical possible that a "public domain software movement" around that time, I have not seen any evidence that such movement was created. Before 1980, copyright status of software was such a greyzone of legal theory that I seriously doubt a movement was created in contrast to proprietary software that did not exist.

[dragonwriter]

> I would very much like to see whatever sources you have for a "public domain software movement"

My "sources" are my personal experience with the public domain software in the 1980s. But what I claimed wasn't a movement that predates the Free Software movement, it was a practice that predates the Free Software Foundation (founded 1985), and that grew as a movement (though that term may be ill chosen -- I specifically didn't mean it in the ideological sense so much as a community and shared practice) alongside the growing popularity of the Free Software movement.

> As such, in the early days people did not think software was copyrightable, or patentable for that matter.

Certainly not the case with copyright. Well, at least not if by "the early days" you mean (as you imply) up until 1980.

> It wasn't really until 1980 when United States Congress added the definition of "computer program" to 17 U.S.C. § 101

Computer programs were understood to be copyrightable previously -- the Copyright Office accepting registrations of computer programs at least as early as 1963 -- and computer software was expressly addressed in the 1976 Copyright Act -- the 1980 revisions you refer to were not the first express inclusion of software in the Act, they were the result of recommendations of the commission created by the 1976 to advise on additional revisions related to what special provisions copyright law should make with regard to new technology.

[belorn]

The 1976 Copyright Act did not address how copyright were to protect software. Congress didn’t want to further delay the passage of the Act and appointed the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) to report back about computer programs and other new technologies and placed a placeholder provision in the Act. It was about a far from current copyright law that you can make it. You could register a copyright, but if it had any practical effect was up to congress to solidify in 1980.

Anyhow, I agree with jefurii comment. Public domain software, that is software that did not get copyright licenses added to them, was the norm before proprietary software. The free software movement was thus an reaction to the change of adding proprietary licenses to software and would not exist if that change had not happened. If people continued to not license software after 1980, along side the proprietary movement and the free software movement, is an interesting question to ask, and would be interesting to know if there is historical data about it.

[dragonwriter]

> The 1976 Copyright Act did not address how copyright were to protect software.

This is inaccurate. The 1976 Act did address how copyright protected software -- in that software was already recognized as within the scope of protection of copyright prior to the 1976 Act (as noted upthread, for, at a minimum, more than a decade prior) and 17 USC Sec. 117 under the 1976 Act stated explicitly that protections regarding covered works used in conjunction with computers were exactly identical to the general protections regarding such works [1] -- however Congress also recognized that that was likely not the best final answer, and so Congress also created the commission you refer to address how copyright protections should most appropriately be specialized to deal with new technology, especially computers.

> Public domain software, that is software that did not get copyright licenses added to them, was the norm before proprietary software.

Software without an explicit license was not public domain, it was and is software with an unspecified and implicit license determined by the context of the sale; public domain software is software delivered with an explicit dedication to the public domain [2].

[1] 17 USC Sec. 117 under the 1976 act, "Scope of exclusive rights: use in conjunction with computers and similar information systems. Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 through 116 and 118, this title does not afford the owner of copyright in a work any greater or lesser rights with respect to the use of the work in conjunction with automatic systems capable of storing, processing, retrieving, or transferring information, or in conjunction with any similar device, machine, or process, than those afforded to works under the law, whether title 17 or the common law or statutes of a State, in effect on December 31, 1977, as held applicable and construed by a court in an action brought under this title."

[2] Given the automatic effect of copyright and the lack of any explicit recognition of such declarations, its quite possible that this isn't really public domain but merely a very expansive gratuitous license that is still, e.g., revocable at will (a revocation whose effect against someone who had acted in reliance prior to the revocation may be subject to limitation by way of promissory estoppel) as are all gratuitous licenses, but this is as close to public domain as it gets.

[belorn]

If you can show any indication that there existed copyright licenses prior to 1980 with explicit dedication to the public domain, then that would indeed show how licensing software under public domain could be a norm before RMS and the free software movement was started.

For U.S. government works however, there was an implicit license of public domain. Works authored by U.S. government employees, on government time and as part of their job, are automatically in the public domain. The purpose of explicit licensing such work would be both unclear, but also questionable in a legal sense. Writing a copyright license for work already in public domain is kind of a grey zone.

As for the 1976 Act, there is to my knowledge no court case about software copyright infringement between 1976 and 1980. The definition of "any greater or lesser rights" when in "conjunction with automatic systems capable of storing, processing, retrieving, or transferring information" is not only extremely vague, there does not seem to been anyone who defined it before congress did it in 1980. If you again has any evidence to the contrary, I would be interesting to read it.

if you want to see early copyright cases for software, Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman from 1981 is a good example. Note that Konami did not register a copyright of the underlying code of the game, but instead registered the game as an audiovisual.

[jefurii]

I think you're both right. There may not have been a public domain movement in the early days, but that's because something very like that was just how software waa done. The free software movement is an attempt to preserve something of that old way in the face of the proprietary software movement.