[swift]

Something like Smalltalk or Ruby is certainly closer to my preferences. The focus on taxonomy is definitely most obvious and most painful in languages with static typing and fewer dynamic features.

Can you suggest an OO language that really avoids the issue, though? It seems inherent in the notion of inheritance to me, even interface-only inheritance. Something like Haskell's typeclasses or Rust's traits seems to me like an easier way to model concepts from the real world.

[seanmcdirmid]

Believe it or not, Scala can be quite powerful since it supports mixin-like traits. I'm not sure about "avoiding" taxonomy though, I find variants useful, but I also like to play with layers (think modularized features of variants).

Type classes aren't reall OO, I mean, they allow for some non-nominal subtyping that meshes with purity. I would argue that OO is really about the names, and OO thinking is really just a way of naming everything in your problem, while type classes mostly keep with the name-free equations reasoning.

[tome]

That's interesting. Could you say something more about OO being about naming everything?

[seanmcdirmid]

Object thinking is about naming things, naming meta things, and then using those name to describe those relationships. E.g. Fido is a dog, and a dog is an animal because I said so. Names are incredibly useful as abstractions: I know Fred, if I see him wearing different clothes and a haircut, I know he is still Fred; my other friends can tell me things about Fred, fred can have a criminal history. This is only possible because Fred has a name, otherwise, he would just be a stateless blob.

Note that nothing is really proven with names, just asserted. This is why theoreticians dislike them. Equational reasoning gets away from names by working purely with structure. Of course, we can apply labels to structure (since our brains are so reliant on names for reasoning), but they have no special meaning and we are careful not to let them bias the results.

Most programs involve heavy doses of object thinking, even if the language is not specifically OOP. It takes a real genius (or a Vulcan...joking) like the high end haskell crowd (SPJ, Conal elliot, etc) to leverage equational reasoning where most would otherwise use object thinking.

[swift]

I really need to check out Scala! Thanks for the reply.

(And I'm also interested to hear more about OO as naming.)