[morsch]

That's just a long vowel, not a diphthong (literally "two sounds"; incidentally, "sounds" has a diphthong in it).

[pjmlp]

I started living in Germany right after it was adopted, and still cannot get the long vs short vowel history for ß.

They just sound the same to my hears, so I got around it by memorizing the respective use cases.

[ygra]

I tend to still write in the old spelling (I didn't have to take exams in the reformed spelling yet so I never bothered to memorise all the braindeadness) and rely on Word/Outlook to correct me where necessary. That works quite well so far.