IIRC that's not quite true. There's the DDP thingy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Data_Protocol which should theoretically let you use any backend implementing that protocol. But I'm not sure if anyone actually uses it besides meteor.
My guess is that if your backend has the same interface as Meteor's, you would just need to come up with your own deploy script and have it include the Meteor client bundle. Also, you would lose the ability of sharing any code between the server and the client.