IANA considers .tw to be "Taiwan, Province of China", as does that ISO link. As I understand, China pretty much bullied everyone else into not recognizing Taiwan so the rest of the world (like the UN) agrees Taiwan isn't a country. That's why one reason Microsoft asks for your Region, not country.
There appear to be other ccTLDs like .IO and .AQ that aren't countries. (Probably more.)
Having said that, I'm not sure why the UK (whose country code is GB) uses .uk