[stonemetal]

This is only partially true. A C++ reference can outlive the object it references.

I didn't mean to imply that it couldn't, just that by using a reference instead of a pointer you are disclaiming responsibility for lifetime management of the referenced item since you can not delete a reference.

C++ being what it is, one can ref = *(new object());, delete &ref;, but the intention you are expressing by using a reference is more hands off in nature. It isn't retargetable, no built-in ability to new\delete, etc.

[catnaroek]

Manually making sure a reference does not outlive the referenced object (or, at least, that a reference is not used after the object has been destroyed) looks pretty much like "lifetime management" to me. What C++ affords you is merely ownership management.