I'm sure I don't know most of them (e.g. I have no idea how Prolog does error handling), but I know of:
* the Haskell/ML statically typed approach, error possibility is type-encoded through an Option or Either type; even in cases where it is possible to implicitly ignore return values[0] the compiler will warn or error; the standard library provides high-level operations to pipeline results (build a pipeline of operations which will only transform non-erroneous results, and will let errorneous ones go through)
* the Erlang dynamically typed approach which makes use of tagged pattern matching to make value assertions trivial. It is not shorter than the Go version when fully handling things, but assertion can be used to fault processes during development or when in-process user-visible reporting is irrelevant (fairly common in erlang) yet remain easy to find and replace with more involved handling if needs be
[0] because haskell strives for purity, ignoring return values in non-monadic code makes very little sense and I'm not sure it's possible at all short of unsafe* functions. It is possible in monadic code (e.g. do blocks)
* the Haskell/ML statically typed approach, error possibility is type-encoded through an Option or Either type; even in cases where it is possible to implicitly ignore return values[0] the compiler will warn or error; the standard library provides high-level operations to pipeline results (build a pipeline of operations which will only transform non-erroneous results, and will let errorneous ones go through)
* the Erlang dynamically typed approach which makes use of tagged pattern matching to make value assertions trivial. It is not shorter than the Go version when fully handling things, but assertion can be used to fault processes during development or when in-process user-visible reporting is irrelevant (fairly common in erlang) yet remain easy to find and replace with more involved handling if needs be
[0] because haskell strives for purity, ignoring return values in non-monadic code makes very little sense and I'm not sure it's possible at all short of unsafe* functions. It is possible in monadic code (e.g. do blocks)