[KaeseEs]

I don't know any data scientists, or even what one is really, but here's the EE explanation: the Fourier transform maps a signal in the time domain to the frequency domain, and vice versa. So if you have a sine wave in the time domain [say something at 3khz: y = sin(3000x)], the Fourier transform would turn that into a pair of Dirac deltas (spikes that are infinitely thin but have an area of one) at omega = +-3000. Or, if you had a pulse, the Fourier transform would map that to a sinc [sinc(x) = sin(x)/x].

The Fourier transform is related to the Laplace transform, which maps signals in the time domain to those in the "S domain", a domain where locations are normally described with complex coordinates which contains information both on frequency of the periodic components of the signal as well as any transients (starting conditions, in layman's terms).