They're not universal, but they're essentially so; pretty much everyone who's used C(++), Java, C#, ... has seen && and ||, and knows what it is. And people who've only used languages with 'and' and 'or' will only take a few minutes to get up to speed (they have the option of spending longer complaining about it if they want).
> people who've only used languages with 'and' and 'or' will only take a few minutes to get up to speed
No. Cognitive overhead. You pay for it every time you parse these words in your brain. You pay for it by reducing the number of nested/combined clauses that you can parse on the fly.
(This is far from the only readability issue with Go, by the way, and you're right in that it's among the more superficial ones. The language is designed so well in all ways except the one that matters the most, it hurts.)
&& is pronounced "and" but actually means "shortcircuit left-to-right-evaluated and".
If you're coming from a Pascal (or non-programming) background, you do not assume either left-to-right evaluation order, nor short circuit evaluation.
The cognitive overhead is always there, because whether you like to admit it or not, programming is applied math, and exact meaning is very important;
e.g.:
if a == 0.0 or b/a > 3 then launch_missile();
Without the "cognitive overhead of knowning guaranteed left-to-right + short circuit", this code is wrong.
The hypothetical "newbie programmer who can write a working program but has cognitive overhead deciphering &&" is a mythical creature that does not actually exist.
I agree with you, but FWIW, if you're already used to C, then the cognitive overhead of && and || is probably negligible. Given Go's pedigree, that doesn't seem too surprising.