[dualogy]

Yeah but that I define as "monetary metal for Central Bank settlements" gold, not "day-to-day normal-people transactional currency". Was it still "money" / monetary after 33? Certainly, until '71 (42 years ago, not 39). But "currency" (circulating to facilitate/lubricate individual micro rather than macro exchange&trade)? Hardly ;) Also not "legal tender" -- as in, for courts enforcing contract liabilities or tax payments.

TL;DR: only outside the US, only to Central Banks.

[wintersFright]

Interesting point. Wouldn't an individual Frenchman see a USD as a token for metal until the shock? And until the shock, national currencies circulated at a fixed exchange with the USD - thereby his own currency was effectively gold backed?

At a national level, yes the Central Banks settled in gold, but that was after the micro transactions bubbled up to be settled from the commercial banks and then eventually cleared at the Central Bank level (Talking on the edges of my understanding here - just trying to see if the reality for an individual level was the currency was gold backed until 71).

[dualogy]

> And until the shock, national currencies circulated at a fixed exchange with the USD - thereby his own currency was effectively gold backed?

Yes, "effectively gold-backed" until the first guy came along to openly demand an actual physical (rather than "potential") exchange of USD reserves for real ounces, in size, from the US. Bam, Nixon shock. Essentially "caused" by one "individual Frenchman" (de Gaulle) testing whether the system can in fact, in size and in physical actuality consistently deliver what it promised to the world.