[chrismaeda]

I was one of the last Mach people at CMU. The BSD emulation on Mach 3.0 was implemented by stubs that made IPCs to the BSD emulation server, which then made additional Mach API calls to implement the UNIX semantics. This design was generally half as fast as an in-kernel implementation (e.g. Mach 2.5 or a commercial UNIX kernel). In the mid-90's we figured out how to make up the performance gap by refactoring the BSD emulation to put some code in the same address space as each application (ie in the libc .so), which allowed you to avoid the RPC to the emulation server in most cases (eg http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=168639). So I don't think it's fair to say that microkernel implementations of UNIX are inherently slow; instead I would argue that the simpleminded approach to UNIX emulation was the real problem.

None of this technology made it into a mainstream Mach distribution because the band broke up: Rick Rashid and his staff and students went off to work at Microsoft Research. Brian Bershad took over the project and then moved to University of Washington. It was also becoming clear in the mid-90's that the OS didn't really matter much anymore, since the big money was being made in Internet applications. So most of the hackers who might have worked on new operating systems during this time ended up working on application servers and web apps instead.