[grey-area]

Not all light is absorbed and turned to heat, much is reflected, for PV some turned to electricity.

I think we can agree energy is conserved. Extra heating effect OUTSIDE.

AC moves heat from inside to outside, ergo outside is hotter than it would be, this is not complicated.

[CalRobert]

Yes, for a time, there is a temperature difference between indoors and outdoors. Air conditioners push heat outside. But they reach equilibrium eventually. (At night, or I suppose in the autumn).

Similarly heat pumps (which is what air conditioning is) also push cold outside when you use them for heat, so the outdoor environment is colder than it would otherwise be, again until equilibrium is reached.

Similarly your refrigerator is cold inside but makes your home warmer.

My point was just that the -net- heat added to the city is zero if you’re using solar.