[nec4b]

>How exactly should those advantages be measured?

Why does it matter? How deep do you want to go to hunt for advantages? Are there no other places than Ivy League schools where one not so advantaged can get an education? Do you want the doctor saving the life of your loved one be the most qualified or one who ticked the disadvantaged boxes?

[exogeny]

I suppose I just disagree that someone from a less affluent or privileged than me with got a 1400 SAT is less qualified than me (1510) simply because one number is larger than the other. These numbers don't exist in a vacuum.

[nec4b]

Both the front door and the window on the second floor are just openings. I'm sure you would prefer to walk out through the former than the later.