[cmrdporcupine]

Dude, weather stations record actual temperatures both in and outside the city. Environment Canada peppers the whole province with them. There's nowhere in southern or eastern Ontario that gets as cold as -40C. It simply doesn't happen. -35C is the lower bound and that is extreme.

I know this because I farm and grow grapes and have meticulously poured over weather charts for the whole province. (Survival cut off for hybrid and wild grapes is really around -32C or so. Vinifera... maybe -20C)

[b112]

And yet, it was colder than -40C.

I think you believe temperatures are far more homogeneous than they are. On my way home, 500M of road over a hill makes 35C turn into 31C.

And no, weather stations aren't everywhere. I think the nearest one is 20km away.