[zigzag312]

Yes these can be used as alternatives sometimes, but they are not really the same thing. We need a streamlined way for reusable libraries (written in different languages) to be consumed by different languages while not being limited to a specific runtime or platform. When code from different languages needs to be able to run inside the same process, with low calling overhead and avoiding copying when possible.

Your answer just throws in anything that enables programs to communicate somehow, ignoring all the differences and tradeoffs to what is being discussed here. Many of your solutions lock you in to a specific platform, a language or add a non-trivial overhead like message serialization or add an unnecessary complexity to a program. Also, IR does not solve the same problem as ABI.

[jitl]

im just pointing out (a) a ton of work has gone into this, (b) yielding many options for different use-cases, (c) without dependency on c-abi/c-header.