[nromiun]

> You don't lose half a million people from an ethnic group in just ten years without some kind of war or genocide.

Nothing happened to the people, they are growing year on year. But languages can die very easily if governments don't put efforts on teaching it to children. That is exactly what happened to the Ho language. There is no advantage on learning these small regional languages so children put their effort on more popular languages like Hindi, Odia and English.

Here is a good article on this topic:

https://www.vogue.in/content/when-languages-in-india-disappe...

[rmunn]

I'm familiar with the phenomenon, as my wife is a linguist who did her master's thesis on the phonology of a small language spoken by about 7000 people: many of the kids don't want to learn it, and just want to learn the majority language of the country since that's what they have to use in school. But I didn't think that could be the explanation for a 25% decline in ten years: new people may not be learning the language, but the only way people stop speaking their mother tongue is if they immigrate to a new country and fully adapt to it (happens to a few people, usually who immigrated as children) or if they die (by far the most common reason for language-use decline: the old people are dying and the young people aren't learning it). If the decline was a couple hundred thousand that would be the outside limit of probability, as far as I know.

More likely, in my opinion, is that both are happening: yes, the language is declining, but either the earlier census overcounted speakers (e.g. counting children as speaking it when they weren't actually learning it) or else the later census undercounted speakers; either way the language decline would look larger than it actually is. Given that Ethnologue (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoc/) rates the language vitality as "Stable" — "The language is not being sustained by formal institutions, but it is still the norm in the home and community that all children learn and use the language" — and they usually know what they're talking about, I suspect the language decline isn't that fast and a census counting mistake is a more likely explanation for the discrepancy over ten years.