[p_l]

There is however the aspect of how much a work is derivative of another work, and that's where the ultimate mixing aspect of AI models shines - as it was documented that removing or adding a specific work in some cases impacted around ~1bit - or less than the random number generator used in some of the processes.

This is also why the output of AI model can infringe - because while having copyrighted work in training set does not result in model being considered derivative, it can produce a work that is obviously a derivative - and as such can be claimed to be a derivative that harms original creator.

Just the fact that the model in general might impact some very vague notions of commercial income is not enough, it must do so through a derivative, and thus infringing, copy