[tssva]

> If the problem is not NTFS, then it is in how the Windows OS uses it

Isn't that exactly what the comment you are replying to is saying?

[0x1d7]

This is correct. The flexibility of the file system filter model does have a performance penalty and you will see that across file systems.

This is why 'DevDrive' exists for ReFS, to reduce that penalty (though ReFS comes with it's own, namely in write performance due to journaling).

The model wasn't a big deal back in the day of IDE and SCSI, but it certainly shows on flash storage.