These arrangements lean into "third way" and distributist economics. You might find John Médaille of interest. He's written some books[0] about the subject, some articles[1], and given a talk at Google[2].
In the US, the American Solidarity Party[3] draws from distributism, for instance.
I had a couple of eye-opening conversations about this the last time I was in San Sebastian. Not everyone there loves Mondragon as much as we think, some see it as a closed club that makes it arbitrarily hard to get a job with them depending on your connections. I met some workers unhappy of their hiring practices and I think their starting working conditions. No idea if they were fair or just resentful.
I still admire Mondragon and wish there were more companies like it, but now I try to remind myself that most characterizations from the outside are surely lacking in nuance.
Yeah the problem with co-ops is that every new employee means reduced profit-sharing for existing employees. Ironically, companies in SV actually have a nice solution to this problem: Employees get equity, but newer employees get less than older employees. So from the perspective of old employees, it still makes financial sense to hire new employees, because the old employee equity becomes more valuable.
In technical econ terms, the marginal profit of new employees is typically below the average profit of existing employees. A profit-maximizing business only cares that the marginal profit is positive, and will hire until there is no additional profit to be made. A co-op is incentivized to keep average profit per employee high, which can mean reducing headcount in order to keep the average strong. So that's why co-ops can have a sort of exclusive club feel to them.
SV is actually an interesting example which proves how employee ownership can drive prosperity, but the typical co-op crowd doesn't want to talk about it because it's too capitalist-coded. In a way, SV companies show that employee ownership is not some sort of instant cure for everything which ails capitalism.
Yes, SV=Silicon Valley. Startups aren't co-ops (the term "co-op" implies employee governance for example). But employee compensation is heavily loaded towards equity or stock in the employing firm. If you're an early hire at a unicorn, you can make serious money off your ownership share in the company. It helps align the incentives of the employees and management. Press coverage of Silicon Valley doesn't usually mention it, but employee ownership is a huge part of the culture.
In Homage to Catalonia, George Orwell narrates just how little fighting there was. It was trench warfare where both sides had precious little ammo and guns that couldn’t shoot straight. He sat in the mud at the front rotting with the rest. Apart from a few days in cities, hospital recovery, and a desperate last few weeks.
He had to flee the country because his chosen party was purged. He survived a street battle. Then made a final visit to many of his comrades in prison.
Don’t presume that his views were shared with those who had influence.
He had admiration for his comrades in arms, especially the mess hall staff. He was on the workers side, but he was in the banned party, of the losing side of the war.
Above all, Orwell saw through the propaganda at home and the rest of the worlds deliberate misunderstanding of the whole situation. For instance, he saw that France had a tacit agreement with the Soviets to slow-walk supplying arms to the Nationalists, to ensure French financiers had protected investments in Spain’s railroads. And every newspaper outside Spain reported like Fox News.
In the US, the American Solidarity Party[3] draws from distributism, for instance.
[0] https://a.co/d/05BxSNZ9
[1] https://distributistreview.com/archive/an-introduction-to-di...
[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1PtStipIsc
[3] https://www.solidarity-party.org/