[1over137]

I haven't tried to leave Gmail, but I've run email servers for 15 years and have never had trouble sending email to Gmail (get plenty of spam from them though). I often read people saying Gmail rejects mail, but I suspect such people are running mail servers on cheap VPS providers, who have bad IP reputation.

[whatever1]

Is there a public list of these IPs? Any legal way an EU citizen can dispute it?

No, just wishes, more sketchy data brokers who claim they have the blacklists and prayers to the US monopolies.

And the question becomes why in 2026 should the EU bow to the wishes of US monopolies?

Anyone can build an email service. Anyone can build a “cloud”. Anyone can build a spreadsheet.

Good riddance.

[lokar]

IP reputation lists predate Gmail by many years (eg spamhaus). I know Gmail used to use them, and may still. It would obviously make sense to keep their own stats as well.