The people with commit bits to SQLite are a known, fixed, small set of individuals, all Christians. They decided to dispense with the usual Contributor Covenant derived code of conduct and adopt their own based on their shared value system. Unfortunately it doesn't actually meet the requirements for an open source code of conduct.
I would have thought its up to each project to decide on their requirements. There is no central authority that decides how to run an open source project.
Corporate requirements, apparently. Some of SQLite's corporate users insisted on a CoC that met certain requirements, which the Code of Ethics did not meet.