[pcrh]

With reference to the "cultural" allusions of many posts in this thread, I can assure you that in the WASP UK universities of Oxford and Cambridge, all exams are "proctored".

It is assumed that students will attempt to cheat, so exams are designed so that cheating is not a viable strategy to obtain high grades. So-called invigilators also patrol the exam room and will report any violations.

[blast]

> exams are designed so that cheating is not a viable strategy to obtain high grades

That's interesting. How do they do that?

[pcrh]

Mostly by requiring analysis and synthesis rather than memorization.

It's been some years for me so things might have changed, but no tech was allowed into the exam rooms, except for calculators in some subjects. Everything was done by pen and paper.