[nradov]

The lack of any real innovation or major economic development in Spain would appear to be fairly strong evidence that the "Napoleonic" model wasn't actually working. Maybe this new system was even worse but I'm baffled as to why anyone would believe that changes weren't needed. Physician, heal thyself.

[Al-Khwarizmi]

Spanish STEM graduates innovate just fine. They just do it abroad, where they get paid decent salaries if their work for others, or decent investment opportunities if they choose to be entrepreneurs :) Spain has lots of issues but I don't think education of the workforce has ever been one, neither before nor after the reform (it was definitely better before, but still, it's not half bad for now... Let's see what happens with the inaction with respect to LLMs).