[eschaton]

You’re talking about the workstation world circa 1985 and later, but prior to then the victory of C and UNIX wasn’t a sure thing. Apollo was the big player, but they weren’t the only ones.

In particular, many minicomputer vendors had some type of graphics and engineering workstation system built around their minicomputer product line, whether multi-user (where you’d have one minicomputer or even mainframe serving multiple bitmap or vector graphics terminals) or single-user (whether using a dedicated low-end minicomputer as a single-user system or using a new CPU design).

The Xerox Alto is what everyone cites as the start of the workstation trend, but it didn’t just beget the Xerox Star, the Lisp Machine, and the Lisa, it also led to the Three Rivers PERQ and CAD/CAE environments built on top of modular hardware from Data General and DEC, to the point where eventually DG, DEC, HP, and others released their own graphical workstations based on their minicomputer architectures.

All of these used vendor operating systems, not UNIX, and almost all emphasized the use of Pascal and FORTRAN for high-level application development. (The ones that didn’t had vendor languages too, like InterLISP and Mesa for Xerox.)