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I doubt a researcher would ask for permission for single vial and I rather doubt anyone has ever been prosecuted for that. At least in any sane jurisdiction. The problem is people who think "since I'm stopping by that river tomorrow anyway why don't I pack a tarp and shovel and save purchasing sand from the hardware store for my new patio".

I'm not sure what the situation is for rocks but given a relatively unpopulated beach if I see a neat agate or other mineral I'm definitely taking it with me. If everyone did the same the environment wouldn't be any worse off.