There was a lot of sites that provided some cpanel-like option as long as you're ok with yourcoolname.weirdhostingname.com. I believe they all came with a filebrowser and the always present public_html folder.
There was geocities (now gone) and a couple of *.tk domains that would inject their ads all over your page. Neither makes a great substitute for GitHub pages these days.
I just checked, I’m not using the feature but my current ISP still offers it: https://assistance.free.fr/articles/631 (10 GB FTP storage tied to the ISP-specific e-mail address).
Having looked it up, mine makes it an add-on service for 1,045円/month + 5,500円 set-up fee, at which point you might as well use a dedicated VPS service (which is probably what's actually going on behind the scenes anyway).