Sounds like we need an extended JSON with the express intent of conveying common extended values and rich objects: DateTime instants (with calendar system & timezone), Decimal, BigInt, etc.
I disagree: this is not unlike including the schema in the JSON itself. This should be handled by the apps themselves, since they would have to know what the keys mean regardless.
If you do want the interchange format to be the one deserializing into specific runtime data structures, use YAML. YAML's tag syntax allows you to run arbitrary code inside YAML, which can be used for what you want.
I'm not talking about something arbitrarily extensible or compound values like vectors or lat/lon. Just a few more common data types -- primitive-like values that frequently need to be passed around.
This would probably best exist as a well-known wrapper around JSON itself.
there are a zillion of these "json pro" kind of things: superjson, devalue, capnweb, all with slightly different ideas about how to lower high-level semantics to json's available types. it's so easy to do this kind of thing, its a real https://xkcd.com/927/ situation.
CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation) has JSON-like semantics with type extension support; with built in type extensions its much easier to get some agreement about registering certain magic type IDs to mean certain things. for example from a random google search for "cbor datetime" https://j-richter.github.io/CBOR/date.html; there's an IANA registry of type IDs: https://www.iana.org/assignments/cbor-tags/cbor-tags.xhtml
I think a more practical and compatible approach is to keep json as it is, and use a side channel (e.g. an openapi spec) to convey metadata.
Then it is up to the client to decide that a date returned as a string is a date or string, or to create a specific class instead of a generic object
If you do want the interchange format to be the one deserializing into specific runtime data structures, use YAML. YAML's tag syntax allows you to run arbitrary code inside YAML, which can be used for what you want.