[anonymous908213]

SDL and Raylib are probably the closest C(++) analogues. Or SFML if you strictly want a library written in C++, I suppose.

[zerr]

And what would be an equivalent for Monogame-Extended utilities, which turns MonoGame really into a game engine (without an editor)?

[pjmlp]

DirectX TK, Microsoft's replacement to XNA, naturally it only does Windows and XBox.