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>they put up with this nonsense for years.

It didn't used to be so bad. It was really not that long ago that Windows really ramped up spending most of the users' resources on things which work against the user. While still getting not much new accomplished that most users were asking for.

>something changed in Windows that rendered low RPM hard drives useless.

This is exactly it.

More than one thing changed in "unison", and not for the better.

Just fixed one of the 2019 HP's for my family which came with W10 1809 version on the same (actually decent) HDD. This was a pretty nice laptop and not the budget model.

It was not too bad when he got it but he had gotten some useless performance-hogging downloads and it was W10 Home to be taken off the internet anyway.

While waiting for the NVMe and some more memory, his partitions were then backed up to external media before experimenting with the built-in HP factory recovery method. Which wiped the HDD and started Windows 10 Home fresh like it was 2019, including of course the HP-specific software. If it was my PC I would have curtailed or uninstalled a selected good bit of the HP stuff, along with things like OneDrive from Windows, and limited the Windows settings to only those I particularly need. So that's what I did. It takes a little time but then it feels about as satisfyingly like a new PC has been doing for decades. Boots fast and everything is pretty responsive, especially without going on the internet. And that's with the HDD set up like it was originally.

When W11 first came out I had already shrunken his main partition by some decent space and installed W11 there for a regular plain Microsoft dual-boot system (but he never liked w11), so did that again too using the newest W11 Pro 25H2. This was a clean install without any HP bloatware, but I did properly manually download then install all the device drivers to current versions which some of them need to come from HP. Without going on the internet, and with equivalent Windows settings it's a real dog by comparison.

It naturally takes twice as much effort to set up one PC to dual-boot as if it was two different PC's, but after that the A/B testing back-to-back on identical hardware is as easy as it gets.

When you look into it Windows 11 is just hammering the C: volume like it's never done before, almost constantly, needing simultaneous reads & writes so much it would have been way more widespread ridicule if most people had not already been on SSD's before W11 "accelerated" the march of sluggishness.

W11 is a huge difference in what you see from older W10, back when loads of these laptops for a few years had W10 on 5400rpm HDDs and very few users could intuitively point to that one factor being worse than any other Windows performance degradation that came along in years before.

Now anybody could tell the difference if they tested on a more level playing field like this.

Once the NVMe was in he's now got the W11 Pro 25H2 and the W10 LTSC 2021 which does look like peak Windows. Neither one is nearly as frustrating as on HDD, but you can tell there is something very unfortunately wrong with W11 by direct comparison still.

Once you get on the internet it does get worse and stays worse. In addition to the very frequent simultaneous read/writes of the storage drive, then you've got all kinds of simultaneous send/receive actions to your network on top of that. And W11 is now up to 4GB of Windows Update per month, where W10 only took about 1GB to update all the way from the 2021 ISO.

Dwarfing W10 with a bunch of things that weren't needed at all for Windows 10 to do fine, so why can't it get better instead of worse?