[throwaway17_17]

Can you explain what mean by a “language not being efficiently AOT compileable”? I am guessing you are referring to languages that emphasize REPL based development or languages that are ‘image’ based (I think Smalltalk is the most common example).

Like the guesses above, I can understand difficulty with AOT compilation in conjunction with certain use cases; however, I can not think of a language that based on its definition would be less amenable to AOT compilation.

[Nevermark]

The more context is narrowed down, the more optimizations that can applied during compilation.

AOT situations where a lot of context is missing:

• Loosly typed languages. Code can be very general. Much more general than how it is actually used in any given situation, but without knowing what the full situation is, all that generality must be complied.

• Increment AOT compilation. If modules have been compiled separately, useful context wasn't available during optimization.

• Code whose structure is very sensitive to data statistics or other conditional runtime information. This is the prime advantage of JIT over AOT. Unless the AOT compiler is working in conjunction with representative data and a profiler.

Those are all cases where JIT has advantages.

A language where JIT is optimal, is by definition, less amenable to AOT compilation.

[MobiusHorizons]

I should probably have said, not compilable to efficient code. rather than not efficiently compilable. Basically I was referring to dynamic typing. Typically such languages are interpreted, although there is probably a way to compile the same sequence the interpreter would take as an AOT compiler. When types are not known until runtime, the compiler can't emit efficient code, and instead has to emit code that checks the type on each function invocation which is basically exactly what the interpreter was already doing. This is where JITs really shine, since they can produce one or more compilations of the same function specialized to types that have been observed to be used frequently. the interpreter can then call those specialized versions of the functions directly when appropriate.

[MobiusHorizons]

What I meant was dynamic typing primarily. Think JavaScript or lua. These are both languages where the choice is between interpreter and JIT rather than JIT or AOT. VM based languages like Java also fall in that category, not because of dynamic typing so much as because of shipping bytecode to the client for portability reasons.