[NovaX]

That is just a normal JVM with optional Graal components if enabled, but not being used. The default memory allocation is based on a percentage of available memory and uncommitted (meaning its available for other programs). When people mention Graal they mean an AOT compiled executable that can be run without a JVM installed. Sometimes they may refer to Graal JIT as a replacement for C1/C2 available also in VM mode. You are using a plain HotSpot VM in server mode, as the optimized client mode was removed when desktop use-cases were deprioritized (e.g. JWS discontinued).

[cb321]

You are correct and I apologize for the misimpression.

`native-image -jar helloworld.jar helloworld` did take a whopping 17 seconds to compile, what might be the smallest possible project. That does makes me worry for iterations trying to get better perf in a context where startup overhead matters, BUT the executable it produced did run much faster - only about 1.8x slower than `tcc -run`:

    97.0 +- 1.7 μs  (AlreadySubtracted)Overhead
    98.2 +- 2.8 μs  awk '{}'</n
    376.4 +- 4.4 μs tcc -run /tmp/true.c
    527.9 +- 4.0 μs perl</n
    686.5 +- 3.9 μs ./helloworld>/n

Perl has 2 more shared libraries for ld.so to link, but is somehow faster. So, there may still be some room for improvement, but anyway, thank you for the correction.

(Also, I included 4 of the faster comparative programs to show additionally that the error bars are vaguely credible. In truth, on time shared OSes, the distributions have heavier tails than Gaussian and so a single +- is inadequate.)

--

EDIT: So, the ld.so/dynamic linking overhead was bothering me. I had to get a musl + zlib build environment going, but I did after a few minutes and then found this result with a fully statically linked binary executable:

    398.2 +- 4.2 μs ./helloworld-sta>/n

(I should have noted earlier that /n -> /dev/null is just a convenience symlink I put on all my systems. Also, this is all on Linux 6.18.2 and the same CPU as before.)

Also, only around 4.2 MiB of RSS compared to ~1.8 MiB for dash & awk. So, 2.4x the space and only ~4X the time of static awk & dash. That might sound like criticism, but those are usually the efficiency champs. The binary size is kind of hefty (~2x like the RAM use):

    $ size *sta
       text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
    2856644 3486552    3184 6346380  60d68c helloworld-sta

So, I guess, in 2026, Java start-up overhead is pretty acceptable. I hope that these "real numbers" can maybe add some precision to the discussion. Someone saying "mere milliseconds" just does not mean as much to me as 400 +- 4 microseconds, and perhaps there are others like me.

[NovaX]

Thanks for the corrected evaluation. Just for your awareness, the HotSpot team is working on offering a spectrum of AOT/JIT options under the Leyden project [1]. Currently one has to choose between either a fully open world (JIT) or closed world (AOT) evaluation. The mixed world allows for a tunable knob, e.g. pre-warmup by AOT while retaining dynamic class loading and fast compile times for the application. This will soften the hard edges so developers can choose their constraints that best fit their application's deployment/usage model.

[1] https://openjdk.org/projects/leyden