[i_am_proteus]

Yes, there are often strong reasons to have peers as gatekeepers. Scientific writing is extremely information-dense. Consider a niche technical task that you work on -- now consider summarizing a day's worth of work in one or two sentences, designed to be read by someone else with similar expertise. In most scientific fields, the niches are pretty small, The context necessary to parse that dense scientific writing into a meaningful picture of the research methods is often years/decades of work in the field. Only peers are going to have that context.

There are also strong reasons why the peers-as-gatekeepers model is detrimental to the pursuit of knowledge, such as researchers forming semi-closed communities that bestow local political power on senior people in the field, creating social barriers to entry or critique. This is especially pernicious given the financial incentives (competition for a limited pool of grant money; award of grant money based on publication output) that researchers are exposed to.

[godelski]

I think if you leave authors alone they will be more likely to write in the first category rather than the second. After all, papers are mainly written to communicate your findings to your direct peers. So information dense isn't bad because the target audience understands.

Of course that makes it harder for people outside to penetrate but this also depends on the culture of the specific domain and there's usually people writing summaries and surveys. Great task for grad students tbh (you read a ton of papers, summarize, and by that point you should have a good understanding of what needs to be worked on in the field and not just dragged through by your advisor)

[i_am_proteus]

Agreed: information-dense isn't bad at all. It's a reason for peer review, though: people other than peers in the field have a much harder time reviewing an article for legitimacy, because they lack the context.

I also don't think the categories are exclusive.

[TomasBM]

It's a fair point. In the ideal setting, peer review can really be a very informative and important gate. And who better to be the gatekeeper than someone who understands the context?

However, there are still big issues with how these peers perform reviews today [1].

For example, if there's a scientifically arbitrary cutoff (e.g., the 25% acceptance rate at top conferences), reviewers will be mildly incentivized to reject (what they consider to be) "borderline-accept" submissions. If the scores are still "too high", the associate editors will overrule the decision of the reviewers, sometimes for completely arbitrary reasons [2].

There's also a whole number of things reviewers should look out for, but for which they neither have the time, space, tools, nor incentives to do. For example, reviewers are meant to check if the claims fit what is cited, but I can't know how many actually take the time to look at the cited content. There's also checking for plagiarism, GenAI and hallucinated content, does the evidence support the claims, how were charts generated, "novelty", etc. There are also things that reviewers shouldn't check, but that pop up occasionally [3].

However, you would be right to point out that none of this has to do with peers doing the gatekeeping, but with how the process is structured. But I'd argue that this structure is so common that it's basically synonymous with peer review. If it results in bad experiences often enough, we really need to push for the introduction of more tools and honesty into the process [4].

[1] This is based on my experience as a submitter and a reviewer. From what I see/hear online and in my community, it's not an uncommon experience, but it could be a skewed sample.

[2] See, for example: https://forum.cspaper.org/topic/140/when-acceptance-isn-t-en...

[3] Example things reviewers shouldn't check for or use as arguments: did you cite my work; did you cite a paper from the conference; can I read the diagram without glasses if I print out the PDF; do you have room to appeal if I say I can't access publicly available supplementary material; etc.

[4] Admittedly, I also don't know what would be the solution. Still, some mechanisms come to mind: open but guaranteed double-blind anonymous review; removal of arbitrary cutoffs for digital publications; (responsible, gradual) introduction of tools like LLMs and replication checks before it gets to the review stage; actually monitoring reviewers and acting on bad behavior.