[homebrewer]

the most basic solution that will work for every filesystem and every type of block device without even mounting anything, but won't actually check much except device-level checksums:

  sudo pv -X /dev/sda

or even just:

  sudo cat /dev/sda >/dev/null

and it's pretty inefficient if the device doesn't actually have much data, because it also reads (and discards) empty space.

for copy-on-write filesystems that store checksums along with the data, you can request proper integrity checks and also get the nicely formatted report about how well that went.

for btrfs:

  sudo btrfs scrub start -B /

or zfs:

  sudo zpool scrub -a -w

for classic (non-copy-on-write) filesystems that mostly consist of empty space I sometimes do this:

  sudo tar -cf - / | cat >/dev/null

the `cat` and redirection to /dev/null is necessary because GNU tar contains an optimization that doesn't actually read anything when it detects /dev/null as the target.

[medoc]

Just as a note, and I checked that it's not the case with the GNU coreutils: on some systems, cp (and maybe cat) would mmap() the source file. When the output is the devnull driver, no read occurs because of course its write function does nothing... So, using a pipe (or dd) maybe a good idea in all cases (I did not check the current BSDs).