[pjmlp]

Indeed, since Android 8 all drivers are in userspace and use Android IPC to talk to the Linux kernel.

Traditional Linux drivers are considered legacy in Android.

https://source.android.com/docs/core/architecture/hal

[oneshtein]

Yep, my Pixel 5 with stock OS and Pixel 6 with Graphene are hacked via WiFi blobs, which are not updated and cannot be patched.