[smcin]

What's a short explanation of the discrepancy in EU wholesale vs household electricity price changes, over the period 2019-2025?

Wholesale increased 30% YoY 2025 over 2024 but household didn't.

Realistically we should compare to 2019 (pre-Covid, pre-inflation, pre-Ukraine war).

Many individual EU govts implemented retail caps, (sales) tax cuts, and transfers. Where is this summarized at-a-glance, by country, by year? Anything better than:

eurostat: "Electricity price statistics" https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php...

"Winners and losers from the energy crisis: Policy lessons from the Iberian electricity market" - Fabra, Leblanc, Souza (2025) https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/winners-and-losers-energy-cri...