[repstosb]

Modern CPUs do out-of-order execution, which means they need to identify and resolve register sharing dependencies between instructions. This turns the notional linear model of random-access registers into a DAG in practice, where different instructions that might be in flight at once actually read from or write to different "versions" of a named register. Additionally, pretty much every modern CPU uses a register renaming scheme, where the register file at microarchitecture level is larger than that described in the software-level architecture reference, i.e. one instruction's "r7" has no relationship at all to another's r7".

Caches aren't quite as mix-and-match, but they can still internally manage different temporal versions of a cache line, as well as (hopefully) mask the fact that a write to DRAM from one core isn't an atomic operation instantly visible to all other cores.

Practice is always more complicated than theory.

[FooBarBizBazz]

Realistically, the compiler is building a DAG called SSA; and then the CPU builds a DAG to do out of order execution, so at a fine grain -- the basic block -- it seems to me that the immutable way of thinking about things is actually closer to the hardware.

[jstimpfle]

That doesn't affect what I said though. Register renaming and pipelining does not make mutation go away and doesn't allow you to work on multiple things "at once" through the same pointer.

It's still logically the same thing with these optimizations, obviously -- since they aren't supposed to change the logic.